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Potential weight loss drug-induced aversive stimuli can be evaluated preclinically using the conditioned taste aversion (CTA) test , which can provide important information on contributory appetite-suppressive mechanisms and inform about potential CNS-mediated gastrointestinal adverse effects

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For instance, the nanocomposite hydrogel PGA-Cu@SS08 targets the mitochondria via Cu 2+ -histidine coordination, precisely delivers the NRF2 plasmid to reverse ferroptosis in NPCs, and restores mitochondrial membrane potential by 85% ( 2+ chelation to release the GDF-5 gene in response to acidic pH, simultaneously clearing ROS and protecting NP integrity, significantly extending the therapeutic window for over 4 weeks ( 4.3 Immune microenvironment remodeling Smart hydrogels also demonstrate active programming capabilities that extend beyond passive drug delivery, particularly in regulating the IVD immune microenvironment