Ways to Boost Glutathione Levels For athletes looking to improve performance, maintaining healthy glutathione levels can play a key role
The redox behavior of GCL suggests a possible link to glutaredoxins as a mechanism for maintaining a reduced pool of less active protein
Abbreviations 3-HK: 3- Hydroxy kynurenine 6-OHDA: 6-Hydroxy dopamine AchR: Aryl hydrocarbon receptor AMPA: Alpha-amino-3 hydroxy-5 methyl -4 isoxazole propionic acid AP5: (2R)-amino-5-phosphonopentanoate ALK5: Activin-like kinase 5 ATP: Adenosine triphosphate BBB: Blood-brain barrier BDNF: Brain-derived neurotrophic factor BCL-2: B-cell lymphoma 2 BAD: Bcl-2-associated death promoter CSF: Cerebrospinal fluid COX: Cyclooxygenase CNS: Central nervous system CNQX: 6-Cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione DCX: Doublecortin EAE: Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis FGF21: Fibroblast growth factor GABA: G-aminobutyric acid GAD: Glutamic acid decarboxylase GABA-T: GABA-transaminase GM: Gut microbiota GPX4: Glutathione peroxidase GFAP: Glial fibrillary acidic protein HIF-1: Hypoxia-inducible factor-1 IDO: Indoleamine -2,3-dioxygenase IGF1: Insulin growth factor KP: Kynurenine Pathway Iba-1: Ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule 1 KYN: Kynurenine KMO: Kynurenine -3- Monooxygenase KAT: Kynurenine aminotransferase KA: Kainic acid MT2: Murine macrophage m-NBA: M-Nitrobenzoyl-alanine mtDNA: Mitochondrial DNA mGLURs: Metabotropic GLU receptors mRNA: Messenger RNA MTT: 3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5 diphenyl tetrazolium bromide, MRI: Magnetic resonace imaging NAD + : Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide NMDA: N-methyl-D-aspartate NAMN: Nicotinamide mononucleotide adenylyltransferase NLRP3: NOD- receptor protein 3 NO: Nitric oxide Nrf2: Nuclear factor erythroid-related factor 2 NFTs: Neurofibrillary tangles OXPHOS: Oxidative phosphorylation PARP: Poly-ADP ribose polymerase PD: Parkinsons disease PUMA: P53 upregulated modulator of apoptosis QPRT: Quinolinate phosphoribosyl transferase SSADH: Semi aldehyde dehydrogenase SE: Status epilepticus SNARE: Soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment receptor SIRT: Sirtuin 1 SCFAs: Short chain fatty acids TRP: Tryptophan TDO: TRP 2,3-dioxygenase TLR: Toll like receptor TCA: Tricarboxylic acid TGF-: Transforming growth factor- VGLUTs: Vesicular GLU transporters References Akyuz E, Polat AK, Eroglu E, Kullu I, Angelopoulou E, Paudel YN (2021) Revisiting the role of neurotransmitters in epilepsy: An updated review
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