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doi: 10.1080/0886022X.2023.2188966 142

[23] [24] The MHRA advises testing for B12 deficiency if symptoms or signs develop in patients taking metformin, and considering periodic monitoring in those at risk

(109) evaluated the effects of a preventive EODF regimen on the neurodegenerative phenotype of 5XFAD transgenic mice and found a significant increase in inflammation in the cortex of 5XFAD-EODF mice, with increased glial cell reactivity and/or proliferation, along with increased pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF- , p38 MAPK, and EAAT2, and decreased GAD67, associated with glutamate excitotoxicity, and increased NMDA receptor subunit 2B in the cortex of 5XFAD-EODF mice

The involved pathways include, but were not limited to, upregulating the IGF-1/PI3K/AKT, cAMP/PKA, eNOS/NO/cGMP/SIRT1, SIRT1/PGC-1, Klotho/SIRT1, OXPHOS/ATP, PPAR/PGC-1/SIRT3, AMPK/JNK, PTEN/PI3K/AKT, 2-AR/PI3K/AKT, and modified Q cycle signaling pathways