The diagnosis of MS is made according to clinical, radiological and, recently, biochemical criteria 3 and after diagnosis, early prediction of MS outcomes is a challenge because, until now, there is no strong candidate biomarker able to detect, early during disease course, those people with MS (pwMS) with subclinical neuronal damage and, therefore, more prone to develop clinical progression and functional impairment over time 4

However, the majority of successful vaccines to date are designed to induce humoral immunity against pathogens that are extracellular and/or mediate disease through toxins ( While BCG confers consistent reliable protection against TB meningitis and disseminated disease when administered at birth ( After decades of neglect, TB vaccine development gained renewed momentum in the 2000s and there are currently 16 vaccine candidates in the clinical pipeline including live attenuated vaccines, inactivated whole-cell mycobacteria, subunit viral vectored vaccines and adjuvanted subunit vaccines ( Mycobacterium indicus pranii (MIP) and Mycobacterium vaccae
(ii) the reduction of phagocytosis
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