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Engineering strategies mainly include two directions: in vivo modification and in vitro modification

GSNO solutions have also been used in the preparation of NO-releasing water-in-oil emulsions [19] and liposomes [39], where the addition of CDs is also expected to modulate the GSNO decomposition and NO release

Within the domain of kidney transplantation (KT), the application of immunosuppression may contribute to diminished immune activation and an increase in senescent cell accumulation, potentially due to impaired immune clearance mechanisms (Vavrinec et al., 2024)

via erastin induced cystine deficiency), whereby ROS production outweighs antioxidant capacity [16]