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2.2.3 Cell injury-related markers 2.2.3.1 Neutrophilgelatinase-associated lipocalin Neutrophilgelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) levels are typically low in healthy tubules

6.2 Histone modification Histone acetylation is one of the core areas of epigenetic research, and metabolites produced by GM, especially SCFA, can participate in the regulation of host gene expression by modulating histone acetylation modifications, which in turn affects intestinal health, immune function, and cardiovascular and other physiological and pathological processes [214]

These factors were not fully controlled in our study, and therefore, future research should take these confounding variables into account and further explore the independent role of autophagy intensity in predicting surgical outcomes

Vitamin C can help recycle oxidized vitamin E in lipid membranes