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After endocytosis, Fe 3+ is reduced to Fe 2+ by Six-Transmembrane Epithelial Antigen of the Prostate 3 (STEAP3) in endosome and subsequently released into the cytoplasmic LIP via divalent metal transporter-1 (DMT1) ( 2+ fuels the Fenton reaction to convert H 2 O 2 into highly toxic hydroxyl radicals (OH), igniting membrane lipid peroxidation that culminates in cell death ( Peroxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acid phospholipids (PUFA-PLs) is the biochemical hallmark of ferroptosis

Of interest, patients with metabolic diseases, such as obesity and type 2 diabetes 35 have been reported to have a reduction of bacterial riboflavin synthesis genes in their gut microbiome, suggesting that microbially-produced riboflavin could play a role in these diseases, although the causal association remains to be established

For example, it can activate oncogenes including CyclinD1 and c-Myc, leading to cell proliferation, classification, and maturation

The procedure is typically performed over multiple sessions to achieve the desired results