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The pathophysiology of bacterial-endotoxin mediated tissue damage may involve the interplay of reduced host carnitine levels and pathogenic requirement of carnitine for growth and survival in the host [95]

These basic and translational neuroscience findings point to this mitochondrial signaling pathway as a potential target to identify novel mechanisms of brain plasticity and potential unique targets for therapeutic intervention targeted to specific clinical phenotypes

Animal research also supports the use of crocin in COPD: In one study that used an animal model of COPD, crocin decreased the number of immune cells and infiltration in the lungs, reduced levels of inflammatory cytokines in the lungs and brain, and decreased signs of depression, such as weight loss, appetite, and periods of immobility during physical tests (Xie 2019)

There may also be inadvertent amounts of gluten, eggs, sesame seeds, nuts, celery, and sulphites