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Epigenetic DNA methylation changes associated with headache chronification: A retrospective case-control study

Zhang H, Schmeisser A, Garlichs CD, Plotze K, Damme U, Mugge A et al

Although in vitro and in vivo preclinical studies have demonstrated the therapeutic potential of these metabolites, further validation through animal models and subsequent clinical trials is required to provide robust evidence (206)

Practically, this means that toxicity packages for MSN-phenolic systems should include matched non-malignant controls, hemocompatibility, macrophage and endothelial stress readouts, organ-level biodistribution, and time-resolved oxidative injury markers rather than relying only on acute viability assays