Introduction Industrial and anthropogenic activities increase heavy metal pollution in the environment and adversely affect plant growth and metabolic activity, in addition to yield (Farid et al., 3 , ranks seventh in the list of the most abundant metals and is the 21st most abundant HM in the Earth's crust (Economou-Eliopoulos et al., Phyto-toxic effects of excess Cr result in reduced growth, photosynthesis, mineral nutrients, and crop productivity (Sehrish et al., + ATPase activity (Shahid et al., Sesbania Sesban (Din et al., Cicer arietinum (Singh et al., Spinacia oleracea (Zaheer et al., Furthermore, Cr accumulation at the cellular level triggers the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), resulting in oxidative damage, as indicated by malondialdehyde (MDA), hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ) and electrolyte leakage (EL) formation (Yu et al., Industrial and tannery waste from the leather and other industries are a major source of Cr pollution in many parts of India, such as in Ghaziabad, Ranipet, Kanpur, Vadodara, and Talcher, as well as globally (Suthar et al., Mungbean ( Vigna radiata L.) is an important legume crop that grows optimally under drought conditions but is negatively affected by Cr toxicity (Jabeen et al., 2 O 2 , and proline contents, EL, and enzyme activities under hydroponic conditions

How should salinity influence fish growth
Anal Chem 88:20512058
Cell culture images were taken using a Primovert microscope (Zeiss)