10.1038/ncomms14630 281
Dopamine receptor D1 ( DRD1 ), D2 ( DRD2 ), D3 ( DRD3 ), D4 ( DRD4 ) and D5 ( DRD5 ) (Figure 1 A), calcium-activated potassium channels including small conductance calcium-activated potassium channel type 1-3 ( KCNN1, KCNN2, KCNN3, coding SK1, SK2 and SK3 channel, respectively), intermediate conductance calcium-activated potassium channel ( KCNN4 , coding SK4 channel) and big conductance calcium-activated potassium channel ( KCNMA1 , coding BKCa channel) (Figure S1A), as well as expression of nitric oxide synthase 3 ( NOS3 ), NADPH oxidase 1 ( NOX1 ), NADPH oxidase 2 ( NOX2 ) and NADPH oxidase 5 ( NOX5 ) (Figure S1B) were detected by qPCR
Animal studies have shown good tolerability across multiple administration routes including oral, intraperitoneal, intramuscular, and topical applications
For instance, it healed transected muscles and counteracted NSAID toxicity without adverse effects.[24][25] Clinical Trials : A Phase I trial (NCT02637284) confirmed safety and pharmacokinetics in healthy volunteers, with no serious adverse events.[26] Phase II trials for ulcerative colitis showed encouraging results, with BPC-157 promoting remission.[27] A recent trial in inflammatory bowel disease patients reported tolerability and potential benefits.[28] The table below highlights select key studies: While robust, the reliance on animal models underscores the need for more large-scale human trials
