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NADPH is a key intracellular antioxidant required for the maintenance of redox homeostasis by the GSH system and other ROS scavengers, and the primary source of cytoplasmic NADPH is the PPP (36)

SIRT3 operates inside the mitochondria, fine-tuning energy output and reducing oxidative damage at the source

Glutathione & DepressionRegion-Specific Depletion in the Brain Glutathiones role in psychiatric disordersparticularly major depressive disorder (MDD)has become increasingly evident as research into redox dysregulation and oxidative stress advances

Both are complementary in multi-tissue protocols, with non-redundant mechanisms