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4.1 Subcellular structure changes Ferroptosis is characterized by distinct subcellular structural changes at the organelle level, particularly in mitochondria and plasma membranes, which serve as key indicators of ferroptosis

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For instance, Interleukin-4-induced gene 1 (IL4I1), a secreted L-amino acid oxidase, catalyzes the conversion of Phe into phenylpyruvate and hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ) ( 2 O 2 induces localized oxidative stress, which significantly suppresses the proliferation of CD3-stimulated CD4 + and CD8 + T cells, thereby impairing anti-tumor capacity ( + T cells into regulatory T cells (Tregs) while inhibiting pro-inflammatory Th17 cell differentiation ( + T cell exhaustion (such as PD-1 and TIM-3 ), thereby impairing their cytotoxic activity ( Faecalibacterium prausnitzii activates Phe metabolism to produce PAGln, which significantly inhibits the growth of ovarian and prostate cancers ( Despite initial progress in the mechanisms of abnormal Phe levels in metabolic diseases ( Figure 2 ), the temporal dynamics of Phe metabolism dysfunction and its heterogeneity across various malignancies remain to be explored