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This study showed modestly favorable directional trends, suggesting at most a limited potential benefit

Oxidative stress-mediated liver injury includes depletion of hepatic GSH levels, together with the disruption of other antioxidant defence mechanisms, leading to overproduction of ROS, thus provoking hepatocellular damage observed in DILI

The inflammatory phase of healing creates ideal conditions for BPC-157 to exert its effects

They secrete pro-inflammatory factors like TNF-, IL-6, and IL-1, which activate the nuclear factor-B (NF-B) signaling pathway and promote osteoclastogenesis ( In osteoporosis, the polarization balance of macrophages is disrupted, with M1 polarization becoming dominant, making it a key driver of bone loss (Yang et al., 2024)