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A 2026 study from Cornell University revealed that B12 supports mitochondrial function in skeletal muscle cells, which are the powerhouses responsible for energy production [Cornell University, 2026]

Some common symptoms of deficiency include: Chronic fatigue and weakness Brain fog and difficulty focusing Mood disturbances, including irritability and depression Numbness or tingling in the hands and feet Pale or jaundiced skin B12 plays a crucial role in red blood cell formation and nerve function, so inadequate levels can lead to long-term health complications if left unaddressed

However, rats treated with PTU and vitamin B12 showed a slight reduction in epinephrine level (126.52 16.50) compared with the control

How To Supplement B12 In Your Dogs Diet Dogs that consume a complete and balanced commercial diet typically have adequate vitamin B12 (cobalamin) content and dont require supplementation