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42,43 Cholesterol-enriched lipid droplet formation in podocytes, combined with dysregulated insulin signaling and hyperglycemia, exacerbates podocyte death and detachment

Age-related metabolic impairment also disrupts neuro-glial interactions critical for brain homeostasis

Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) depletion and mutations in certain mitochondrial genes are linked to reduced insulin secretion and increased oxidative stress, although studies on the exact mechanisms are scarce ( 2.4.1 Basic science research Similarly, in the context of PD, mitochondrial dysfunction can drive neurodegeneration