Statistical analysis Using GraphPad Prism 8.01 software (GraphPad Software Inc., San Diego, United States), combined with Turkeys multiple comparison test, a one-way ANOVA test was used to analyze the significance of differences
All needles are manufactured to strict quality standards using computerized grinding and 100% visual camera inspection to ensure sharp, consistent, and high-quality needles in FDA-inspected ISO 13485 certified facilities which utilize good manufacturing practices per USFDA standards
Abbreviations PD: Parkinson's disease DA: Dopamine SN: Substantia Nigra GI: Gastrointestinal GM: Gut Microbiota IL-2: Interleukin-2 IL-6: Interleukin-6 IL-10: Interleukin-10 IL-1: Interleukin-1 Beta ZO-1: Zonula Occludens-1 ENS: Enteric Nervous System CNS: Central Nervous System BBB: BloodBrain Barrier EGC: Enteric Glial Cell GBA: Gut-Brain Axis ROS: Reactive Oxygen Species HNE: 4-Hydroxynoneal SCFA: Short-Chain Fatty Acid LPS: Lipopolysaccharide TLR4: Toll-Like Receptor 4 TNF: Tumor Necrosis Factor CRP: C-Reactive Protein DBS: Deep Brain Stimulation CMV: Cytomegalovirus DAT: Device-Assisted Therapy AEs: Adverse Events ECG: Electrocardiogram PBM: Photobiomodulation mTOR: Mammalian target of rapamycin Akt: Protein kinase B Atg5: Autophagy-related protein 5 PI3K: Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase LLRK2: Leucine-rich repeat kinase2 DJ-1: Protein deglycase GABA: Gamma-aminobutyric acid BDNF: Brain-derived neurotrophic factor LCIG: LevodopaCarbidopa Intestinal Gel CCL5: Chemokine (CC motif) Ligand 5 GFAP: Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein NADH: Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Sox-10: Transcription Factor Sox-10 DDCI: Dopa Decarboxylase Inhibitor SNpc: Substantia Nigra Pars Compacta Occludin: Tight Junction Protein FMT: Fecal Microbiota Transplantation CSA: Continuous Subcutaneous Apomorphine Infusion Nrf2: Nuclear Factor Erythroid 2-Related Factor 2 NADPH: Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Phosphate Hydrogen GDNF: Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor MPTP: 1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine FB: Firmicutes to Bacteroidetes ratio UPDRS III: Unified Parkinson Disease Rating Scale PGC-1: Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Gamma Coactivator 1-alpha References Alpha-Synuclein Antibodies and Uses Thereof. 1
Glutathione helps immune cells function optimally and aids with production of cytokines, which regulate the immune response and are necessary for an effective defensive against the Lyme bacteria.[ii] Glutathione can be administered orally or intravenously
