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Diabetes 56 , 20162027 (2007)

The increased release of adipocyte chemokines, including MCP1 and leukotriene B4 (LTB4), is responsible for the transport and increased accumulation of immune and adaptive immune cells in adipose tissue ( Both insulin resistance and -cell dysfunction are implicated in the underlying disease process of diabetes ( Data from animal studies show that tissue migration of macrophages is responsible for the pro-inflammatory state that precedes and leads to insulin resistance ( The pathogenic mechanism of islet cell inflammation is complex

Colon biopsies performed on PD patients showed accumulation of -synuclein in the colons enteric neurons before diagnosis of motor symptoms, which suggests -synuclein may aggregate in the ENS before its dissemination to the brain (56)

Lifespan determination Lifespan was measured using established protocols 2,60