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Melatonin and cholinergic system Recent research has found a connection between cognitive impairments and the malfunctioning of neurotransmitters or their corresponding receptors

40 , W452W457 (2012)

In addition to dopaminergic neuronal loss in the SN and the onset of motor symptoms in PD, these changes cause microgliosis, mitochondrial failure, oxidative stress, and inflammation

A decrease in bioenergetic efficiency is double-faced: it may be beneficial to cellular function through the reduction of reactive oxidative species production and the balancing of nutrient availability [272], but it may also contribute to increasing mitochondrial dysfunction and toxicity [273], which couldaccount for a significant proportion of adverse effects of prescription drugs [26]