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Many of these issues are worsened by ongoing stress from the years of crisis

Annexin V-FITCPI double staining For detection of apoptosis, cells treated with indicated inhibitors were co-stained with Annexin V-FITC and PI (Dead Cell Apoptosis Kit, Invitrogen) according to the manufacturers instructions

DLC and drug loading efficiency (DLE) were calculated using equations (1) and (2), respectively

Therefore, overexpression of genes involved in cysteine and GSH biosynthesis results not only in GSH overproduction and enhanced TMV resistance but also in elevated levels of SA, indicating that GSH may confer virus resistance in tobacco via SA