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employed in osteoarthritis and cartilage regeneration research Pigs Used for pharmacokinetic profiling and oral bioavailability studies Cynomolgus monkeys 9-month chronic toxicology studies via oral gavage Human subjects Approximately 900 participants across six clinical trials examining safety and efficacy Research Limitations & Regulatory Status Critical Gaps in Current Evidence Despite over 25 years of research and extensive clinical testing, AOD-9604 faces substantial evidence gaps that have prevented therapeutic development

According to a Monash University [4] study, AOD 9604 enhanced lipolysis, increased 3-AR expression, and reduced body fat in obese mice, supporting its translational metabolic relevance

This occurs due to inflammation and fluid accumulation in the joint

It also serves to regulate blood pressure and optimizes the health of muscles and nerves