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PMID: 30342045

3 Mechanisms underlying cell death in cardiovascular disease Cell death is a central pathological event in CVDs, contributing to the progression of conditions such as atherosclerosis, myocardial infarction, and heart failure (Figure 2) ( Figure 2 3.1 Programmed cell death in cardiovascular diseases PCD refers to tightly regulated cellular processes involving molecular pathways that orchestrate cell demise ( Apoptosis, a caspase-mediated process, is pivotal in both acute and chronic cardiovascular injury ( Autophagy is primarily a survival mechanism, but excessive autophagy contributes to cell death under stress conditions, such as hypoxia or oxidative stress ( Iron-dependent lipid peroxidation characterizes ferroptosis, which is distinct from other PCD modalities (102)

AKI has been associated with acute changes in kidney function and long-term prognosis, including progression to CKD, cardiovascular disease, persistent function, and even death (147, 148)

Botta T, Blescia S, Martnez-Heredia J et al (2009) Identificacin de diferencias protemicas en muestras oligozoosprmicas