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6.3.2 Abnormal fatty acid oxidation It should be noted that FAO abnormalities have cell-type specificity human bronchial epithelial cells exposed to short-term cigarette smoke (CS) or treated with cigarette smoke extract (CSE) show upregulated FAO and increased expression of carnitine palmitoyl transferase 1A (CPT1A), the rate-limiting enzyme of FAO, thereby promoting FAO-mediated ROS production and cell death, and participating in the development of emphysema (33)

Barchetta, I., Cimini, F

Many of ALCARs benefits are attributed to its ability to activate AMPK , an enzyme that regulates cellular energy balance and metabolic processes

Parts of the research were undertaken at the XAS beamline at the Australian Synchrotron, Victoria, Australia