10.5483/bmbrep.2015.48.11.112 54 LeeN
Nat Neurosci 10:608614 Di Giorgio FP, Boulting GL, Bobrowicz S et al (2008) Human embryonic stem cell-derived motor neurons are sensitive to the toxic effect of glial cells carrying an ALS-causing mutation

This hormonal cascade works as follows: The hypothalamus releases gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) GnRH signals the anterior pituitary to release luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) LH stimulates the Leydig cells to produce testosterone Rising testosterone feeds back to the hypothalamus and pituitary to regulate production (negative feedback loop) Testosterone is responsible for: Muscle protein synthesis and lean body mass maintenance Bone mineral density Red blood cell production Libido and sexual function Energy, mood, and cognitive function Fat distribution and metabolic health Normal total testosterone in adult men ranges from approximately 300 to 1,000 ng/dL, with levels declining by roughly 1 to 2 percent per year after age 30 (Harman et al., 2001)

Through continuous monitoring of synaptic activity, microglia selectively preserve or eliminate synapses based on their functional relevance (158), thereby enabling dynamic synaptic remodeling that supports essential cognitive processes such as learning, memory, and behavioral adaptation (169, 170)