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mTORC1 activation subsequently leads to two critical events: the serine phosphorylation of insulin receptor substrates IRS-1 and insulin receptor substrate-2 (IRS-2) (88), and the inhibition of phosphorylation of protein kinase B (PKB), a key molecule in the insulin signaling cascade (89)

J Biol Chem 276:80948103

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The increased inositol-requiring enzyme 1 expression by PFOS, which indicated endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress activation, was associated with PFOS-mediated autophagy activation that could be attenuated through 4-phenylbutyrate (5 mM, an ER stress inhibitor) and l-Carnitine pretreatment