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10.4149/gpb_2018038 52 GleiM.Latunde-DadaG

Apoptosis-Related Proteins Experimental work has examined caspase-3, p53 and other proteins associated with programmed cell death

(2015) 177:V09140498

Recent studies have revealed that Damage-Associated Molecular Patterns (DAMPs) (e.g., High Mobility Group Box 1 (HMGB1) via TLR4/Myeloid Differentiation Primary Response 88 (MyD88) signaling and mtDNA through the cyclic GMP-AMP synthase-stimulator of interferon genes (cGAS-STING) pathway) released by apoptotic bodies polarize Kupffer cells towards the M1 phenotype, promoting the secretion of inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1 and IL-18 , thus activating the NACHT , LRR and PYD domains-containing protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome and producing a second hit effect 51