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These combined changes indicate that CS negatively affects PSII function by disrupting the redox reactions at the acceptor side and enhancing energy dissipation to mitigate photodamage, as also supported by previous findings ( These fluorescence declines particularly in PI ABS and P 0 , are consistent with photoinhibition mechanisms that limit PSII efficiency under oxidative stress

Chem Res Toxicol

So while the science is still developing, the evidence suggests that smoking doesnt just harm the lungs and heart, it also increases the risk of IBS and makes symptoms harder to manage

Constraints in random effects ageperiodcohort models