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These metabolites, typically characterized by lower polarity and stable molecular weights, enhance the absorption and bioavailability of TCM, thereby increasing efficacy or reducing toxicity and producing diverse biological effects (Shen et al., 2013

The mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and nuclear factor-B (NF-B) pathways have both been associated in adrenal hormonal imbalance-associated oxidative stress

Similarly, a clinical study involving patients with coronary artery disease demonstrated that 12 weeks of L-carnitine supplementation resulted in reduced malondialdehyde levels, increased circulating L-carnitine concentrations, and enhanced activities of catalase and glutathione peroxidase enzymes compared to the placebo group

Hu MI, Waguespack SG, Dosiou C, Ladenson PW, Livhits MJ, Wirth LJ, Sadow PM, Krane JF, Stack BC, Zafereo ME , Ali SZ, Weitzman SP, Hao Y, Babiarz JE, Kennedy GC, Kloos RT