Exercise modalities range widely across investigations, including concurrent training in postmenopausal women ( Taurine doses vary from chronic intake of 1.53 g/day to acute single boluses of 6 g ( Limitations in biomarker selection and mechanistic assessment also narrow the interpretive scope of current research
Berberine enhances the activation of NK cells, DCs, and CTLs, while reducing the populations of MDSCs and TAMs [206, 207]
Lancet 394 , 793804 (2019)
Circulating microbes act as messengers within the gutskin axis, primarily via immunological pathways influenced by diet, stress, and environmental factors, which regulate intestinal and skin barrier homeostasis [93, 94].The immune system regulates hostmicrobiota interactions, with microbiota impacting autoimmune and immune-mediated processes via molecular mimicry, bacterial translocation after barrier disruption, modulation of immune cells in Peyers patches, and production of immunomodulatory metabolites [95, 96]