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muciniphila contributes to the enrichment of beneficial bacteria such as Rumenococcaceae and Trichosporonaceae , increasing the diversity of the intestinal microbiota and contributing to favorable intestinal homeostasis 112

278,279 Lifestyle interventions, particularly aerobic exercise, have also demonstrated benefits in enhancing mitochondrial biogenesis and function, offering a non-pharmacological approach to managing DPN (Fig

Apoptosis is a form of programmed cell death that occurs in multicellular organisms and is induced by a variety of physical and chemical factors