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In an electrical syncytium, action potentials and pacemaker potentials spread by way of gap junctions from muscle fiber to muscle fiber in three dimensions throughout the tissue, in much the same way as in cardiac muscle

GSR is conserved across eukaryotes and prokaryotes, with the exception of Gram-positive bacteria, some Gram-negative bacteria, certain insects, and parasites [811]

HBV-associated HCC shows significant miR-193b downregulation, driving sorafenib resistance through myeloid cell leukemia-1 (Mcl-1) overexpression [206], whereas HCV-related HCC exhibits miR-193b upregulation and Mcl-1 downregulation, which enhances therapeutic sorafenib sensitivity [207]

Deficits in B vitamins can raise homocysteine levels, which can then cause DNA damage, oxidative stress, and a persistent inflammatory state that can modify epigenetics and cause cancer (170)