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Levodopa remains the most effective agent for controlling motor symptoms, but its long-term use leads to motor complications, reduced efficacy, and treatment resistance ( 5.1 Levodopa and the rationale for combination therapy Levodopa, often co-administered with carbidopa to inhibit peripheral metabolism, is the gold standard for PD treatment

111,112 Recently, Wang et al

This is where carnitine comes into play, Fatty acids cannot freely diffuse into the mitochondria, so they must hook up with carnitine in order to be transported into the mitochondria via a specialized biochemical process

Mitigating gut microbial degradation of levodopa and enhancing brain dopamine: implications in Parkinsons disease