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The study quantified cytokines, neurotransmitters, oxidative stress markers and detoxification enzymes using ELISA-based assays, revealing that VPA exposure disrupted glutathione balance, increased IL-6, CYP450 and glutamate, and reduced serotonin and IFN-, while curcumin partially restored these alterations ( Furthermore, Yang and Bhandari employed a PPA-induced rat model of autism, using male-only Sprague-Dawley rats that received intracerebroventricular infusions of 1M PPA

For example, retinoid X receptor ( RXRG ) is targeted by gga-miR-140-5p, whereas sterol carrier protein 2 ( SCP2 ), acetyl-CoA acyltransferase 1 ( ACAA1 ), and acyl-CoA oxidase 1 ( ACOX1 ) are targeted by miR-15a to promote the differentiation of intramuscular preadipocytes, thereby increasing IMF deposition in muscle [78, 79]

Van Den Brand, H., Parmentier, H.K., & Kemp, A.B