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This is in consistent with another study showing that pre-treatment with triptolide, a diterpenoid epoxide protected Wistar rat from myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injuries by suppressing the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-, IL-1, and IL-6) and inducing Nrf2-regulated antioxidant enzymes (SOD, GSH, GPx, and HO-1) (Yu et al., 2016)

R Glutathione conjugation: GSTs catalyze the conjugation of the thiol group of reduced glutathione (gamma-Glu-Cys-Gly) to an electrophilic carbon, nitrogen, or sulfur atom on the substrate

However, after hepatic metabolism by CYP450 enzymes, they are converted into reactive pyrrole metabolites (e.g., dehydropyrrole), which can form covalent adducts with DNA, RNA, and proteins

These findings highlight salidroside as both a standalone antioxidant and a sensitizer that boosts the reparative potency of MSCs in POI treatment