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3.3 Oxidative signals stimulate the diversity of smooth muscle cells in atherosclerosis With atherogenic risk factor stimuli, VSMCs can undergo phenotypic switching and subsequently migrate toward the intima, synthesize excess extracellular matrix, and release inflammatory cytokines by either redox signaling-mediated or redox signaling-independent mechanisms ( The atherogenic risk factor-impaired VSMC redox balance characterized by excessive ROS directly or indirectly affects VSMC phenotypic switching, proliferation, migration, and apoptosis, which play essential roles in mediating, integrating, and executing atherogenic signal transduction (San Martn and Griendling, 2010

Kaya, A

Vitamin B12: Vitamin B12 deficiency can also lead to anemia, as well as fatigue

H 2 O 2 at a concentration of 100 M was able to suppress GJIC by 50%